Methods and apparatus for power control in multi-carrier wireless systems

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus disclosed maximize the capacity of serving cells and minimize inter-cell interferences due to power emission from serving cells in a multi-carrier, multi-cell communication system. The control methods and apparatus take into account various factors such as cell configuration, frequency reuse, geometry and path-loss information, transmission priority, subchannel configuration, feedback from other cells, or any combination thereof, and produce signals that control the transmission power levels and the modulation and coding of transmitted signals.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation application of and incorporates by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/569,064, having a 371 date of Jun. 12, 2007, which is a U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US05/23399, filed Jun. 29, 2005, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/584,215 filed on Jun. 30, 2004.

BACKGROUND

Compared with Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Multi-Carrier (MC) systems, such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, have the advantage of less intra-cell/sector interference due to the orthogonality between the so called subcarriers. However, the inter-cell interference remains a challenging problem for MC systems, especially for those with high frequency reuse.

Power control and adaptive modulation and coding are two effective methods to increase the capacity of wireless systems. For example, power control based on the concept of Rising over Thermal (RoT) were considered in CDMA. In an MC system such as an OFDMA system, with many system characteristics that are different from other types of systems, including CDMA, it remains a practical problem to carry out adaptive modulation and coding in addition to controlling the power to deal with the inter-cell interference and to maximize the network capacity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a radio resource divided into small units in both frequency and time domains—subchannels and time slots, respectively.

FIG. 2 illustrates three types of subcarriers.

FIG. 3 illustrates a basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in the time domain which is generally made up of time frames, time slots, and OFDM symbols.

FIG. 4 depicts a cellular wireless network comprised of a plurality of cells, where coverage in each cell is provided by a base station (BS).

FIG. 5 shows a network where adjacent cells use a same frequency for their transmissions and mobile stations at a boundary of one cell cause interference to those in an adjacent cell.

FIG. 6 shows a network where mobile stations at their signal overlapping area cause interference to those in adjacent sectors using same channels.

FIG. 7 illustrates an AMCP (Adaptive Modulation, Coding, and Power) controller with its inputs and outputs, wherein the AMCP controller uses part or all of its inputs to generate its outputs.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of Rise over Thermal (RoT) which is a ratio of received power density to thermal noise power density for each subchannel, and if RoT is in dB format, it is a difference between the received power in dB and the thermal noise in dB.

FIG. 9 is an illustration of power control in an exemplary OFDM system where digital variable gains G₁, G₂ . . . and G_(N) are applied to the subchannels that may use different MCS (Modulation and Coding Schemes) and transmission power levels.

FIG. 10 illustrates a first step of a control algorithm, where a AMCP controller derives an appropriate transmission power level and an MCS without consideration of RoT threshold.

FIG. 11 illustrates a second step of the control algorithm, where the AMCP controller performs an RoT check.

FIG. 12 illustrates a first step of the control algorithm only considering one MCS appropriate for an application such as voice.

FIG. 13 depicts an RoT threshold calculator, wherein in each cell an RoT threshold is calculated for each data link.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The multi-carrier system mentioned throughout the following description can be of any format such as OFDM, or Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA). The presented methods can also be applied to downlink, uplink, or both, where the duplexing technique is either Time Division Duplexing (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD).

The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding of the various embodiments and for the enablement of one skilled in the art. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without such details. In some instances, well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” Words using the singular or plural number in this Detailed Description section also include the plural or singular number respectively. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. When the claims use the word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.

As depicted in FIG. 1, a physical media resource (e.g., radio or cable) in a multi-carrier communication system can be divided in both the frequency and time domains. This canonical division provides high flexibility and fine granularity for resource sharing.

The basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in the frequency domain is made up of subcarriers. Subchannels are formed by subcarriers and each subchannel may be set at a different power level. Data subcarriers can be grouped into subchannels in specific ways. Within a particular spectral band or channel, there are a fixed number of subcarriers. FIG. 2 illustrates three types of subcarriers as follow:

-   -   1. Data subcarriers, which carry information data;     -   2. Pilot subcarriers, whose phases and amplitudes are         predetermined and made known to all receivers and which are used         for assisting, system functions such as estimation of system         parameters; and     -   3. Silent subcarriers, which have no energy and are used for         guard bands and as DC carrier.

The data subcarriers can be arranged into groups called subchannels to support scalability and multiple-access. The subcarriers forming one subchannel may or may not be adjacent to each other. Each user may use some or all of the subchannels. A subchannel formed by the contiguous subcarriers is called a congregated (or clustered) subchannel. A congregated subchannel may have a different power level from others.

As depicted in FIG. 3, the basic structure of a multi-carrier signal in the time domain is generally made up of time frames 310, time slots 312, and OFDM symbols 314. A frame 310 consists of a number of time slots 312, whereas each time slot 312 is comprised of a number of OFDM symbols 314. The OFDM time domain waveform is generated by applying the inverse-fast-Fourier-transform (IFFT) to the OFDM signals in the frequency domain. A copy of the last portion of the time waveform, known as the cyclic prefix (CP) 316, is inserted in the beginning of the waveform itself to form the OFDM symbol 314. Using the cyclic prefix extension, the samples required for performing the FFT at the receiver can be taken anywhere over the length of the symbol. This provides multipath immunity as well as a tolerance for symbol time synchronization errors.

FIG. 4 illustrates a structure normally referred to as the cellular structure. In a cellular wireless network, the geographical region to be serviced by the network is normally divided into smaller areas called cells 410. In each cell 410 the coverage is provided by a base station (BS) 412. Within each coverage area, mobile stations are used as interfaces between the users and the network. A base station 412 is connected to the backbone of the network, usually by a dedicated link. A base station 412 also serves as a focal point to distribute information to, and collect information from, its mobile stations by radio signals.

In a cellular system with base stations and mobile stations, the transmission from a base station to a mobile station is called a downlink and the transmission from a mobile station to a base station is called an uplink. Each base station provides coverage to its designated area, normally called a cell. If a cell is divided in to sectors, from system engineering point of view each sector can be considered as a cell. In this context, the terms “cell” and “sector” are interchangeable. Also, the so called “base stations” may be base station transceivers which are physically located together but their antennas face different directions/sectors.

At the boundary 510 of a cell 410, as illustrated in FIG. 5, mobile stations 512 may have to transmit higher power to compensate for the higher path loss, in which case it may cause strong interference to the base station 412 in the adjacent cell. This can also happen in the overlapping areas 610 of two adjacent sectors of the same cell, as illustrated in FIG. 6.

The Rising over Thermal (RoT) value is defined as the difference between the averaged received signal power density level (in decibel) and the thermal noise power density level (in decibel) with respect to a unit of frequency bandwidth. In the linear scale, RoT is equivalent to the signal-to-noise ration (SNR). In this context, SNR and RoT are interchangeable. In the case of an OFDMA network, the RoT is measured in frequency domain for one or more subchannels 810, as shown in FIG. 8. The averaged RoT of a channel is the sum of the RoT of each subchannel divided by the number of subchannels.

One of the objectives of transmission power control using the RoT constraint is to limit the inter-cell interference in a multi-carrier, multi-cell wireless communication network, so as to achieve a balance between maximizing the capacity of the serving cell and minimizing the reduction of the capacity of other cells due to the power emission from the serving cell. A set of rules will be either self-imposed or be imposed by a remote controller on a transmitter (a base station or a mobile station) to set the transmission power and the MCS (Modulation and Coding Schemes).

In accordance with aspects of the disclosed embodiments, an AMCP (Adaptive Modulation, Coding, and Power control) controller is devised to perform the power control operation in a multi-carrier, multi-cell wireless communication network with subchannel configurations to mitigate the inter-cell interference. The inputs to the AMCP controller include the Channel Quality measurement Information (CQI), the RoT measurement, and other factors such as RoT threshold, channel quality requirement, transmission power range and service type. The outputs of the AMCP controller include the transmission power and MCS.

In one embodiment, each subchannel may use an MCS and a power control different from those of other subchannels. The AMCP controller then determines the MCS and transmission power level, and performs the RoT check for each subchannel individually.

In another embodiment, multiple subchannels, for example, subchannels assigned to the same user, may use the same MCS and power control to reduce the control overhead. The AMCP controller then determines the MCS and transmission power level for the subchannels under consideration jointly. The AMCP controller also performs the RoT check jointly for these subchannels.

Without loss of generality, in this text, a power level, such as the transmission power level or reception power level, implies the average power density of a subchannel or multiple subchannels. The actual power is the power density multiplied by the bandwidth of a subchannel or multiple subchannels. The total power is then the sum of the power of each user in the system.

In the following description, certain parameters and control procedures are used to illustrate different aspects of the invention. However, it should be noted that other equivalent implementation, for example, altering the order of control steps, may be designed to achieve the same effects.

In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 7, the AMCP controller 710 receives frequently changing and updated information such as the CQI and the RoT measurement, as well as relatively less frequently changing and updated information such as RoT threshold, service type, quality requirement, transmitter power range, and other factors considered below. A control algorithm, described below, uses part or all of these inputs to generate outputs such as the MCS and the transmission power level, which are sent to and followed by the transmitter during its next transmission.

The CQI can be SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio), BER (bit error rate), PER (packet error rate), or any combination thereof. The CQI may also be a single number, such as the averaged SINR or statistics such as the distribution of SINR or the mean and variance of SINR.

Different service types, referred to as applications, such as data, voice, or video may require different power control mechanisms.

The transmission power range is set to keep the transmission power within the range of transmitter power emission capability. When the total power of a transmitter is limited, the maximum transmission power density is inversely proportional to the bandwidth used.

The quality requirement, referred to as the requirements on the signal quality to maintain the data throughput or voice quality, may include BER/PER or SINR thresholds for different MCS. More details on the generation and use of the quality requirement will be elaborated in the ensuing embodiments.

The RoT threshold is the maximum allowable RoT. It is used as one factor to regulate the transmission power level. One purpose of setting the RoT threshold is to limit the interference with the other cells and to stabilize the power control of a multi-cell network. More details on the generation and use of the RoT threshold will also be elaborated in the ensuing embodiments.

The AMCP controller 710, depicted in FIG. 7, generates outputs such as the MCS and the transmission power level for a mobile station or a subchannel, which are sent to and followed by the transmitter during its next transmission. The power control may include the requested absolute power level and/or the relative amount to increase or decrease the current power setting. In one embodiment, the power levels of different subchannels are set differently such that an appropriate power is allocated to each subchannel to satisfy its required performance while minimizing interference to other users.

FIG. 9 is an illustration of a power control in an OFDM system where digital variable gains 902 G₁, G₂ . . . G_(N) are applied to subchannels 904 that may have different MCSs with different transmission power levels. Analog domain gain 906 G_(a) is used to control the total transmission power signal processes to meet the requirements of the transmission power of the device. In FIG. 9, after variable gains are applied to subchannels 904, they are inputted to an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) module 908. The outputs from the IDFT are time domain signals, which are converted from parallel to sequential signals (block 910) and converted to analog (block 912) after a cyclic prefix is added to them (block 914).

In one embodiment, the AMCP controller 710 maximizes the data throughput while meeting the requirement of RoT threshold and controlling the transmission power, using the following two-step control procedure.

As shown in FIG. 10, in Step 1, the AMCP controller 710 derives an appropriate transmission power level and MCS (block 1002), without considering the RoT threshold. An achievable CQI (Q_(new)) at the receiver is updated by,

Q _(new) =Q _(current) +P _(max) −P _(current)

where Q_(current) denotes the current measured CQI at the receiver, P_(max) denotes the maximum transmission power available at the transmitter, and P_(current) denotes the current transmission power at the transmitter. Initially, Q_(new) is computed by assuming the maximum power is used at the transmitter. If Q_(new) exceeds the CQI requirement for the highest MCS in the protocol, the AMCP controller 710 selects the highest MCS and sets a necessary transmission power level (P_(new)) for that MCS with a certain margin (block 1004). In other words, the control scheme clips the CQI spillover. This potentially minimizes the transmission power once the highest MCS has been achieved, so as to limit interference in other cells.

If Q_(new) is lower than the CQI requirement for the highest MCS (block 1006), the AMCP controller 710 selects to use the maximum transmission power as P_(new) and derives an appropriate MCS based on a value of Q_(new) (block 1010). If Q_(new) is even lower than the CQI requirement for the lowest MCS in the protocol, the AMCP controller 710 may deny the transmission and start an outage process (block 1008), in which the request of this particular link is denied or other remedies are considered, such as switching to another channel or increasing the transmission power density. In one embodiment, the AMCP controller 710 requests a resource allocation utility in the system to reduce the transmission bandwidth of a target link, so as to boost transmission power density. Where a resource allocation utility is a device that allocates an appropriate amount of time-frequency resource to a particular user.

In Step 2, the AMCP controller 710 performs an RoT check, as shown in FIG. 11. A new, potential RoT (R_(new)) at the receiver is updated by:

R _(new) =R _(current) +P _(new) −P _(current)

where R_(current) denotes the current RoT measurement. Initially, R_(new) is computed by assuming the transmission power level set in Step 1 is used. If R_(new) is less than the RoT threshold (block 1102), the AMCP controller 710 maintains the decisions on the transmission power level and MCS in Step 1 (block 1104), and these are final outputs of the control algorithm until next round of calculation with updated measurements. If R_(new) exceeds the RoT threshold, the AMCP controller 710 reduces the transmission power level to meet the RoT threshold requirement (block 1106). The new transmission power level is calculated as:

P _(new) =P _(current) +R _(threshold) −R _(current)

and the new, achievable CQI is computed as

Q _(new) =Q _(current) +R _(threshold) −R _(current)

where R_(threshold) denotes the RoT threshold.

Based on Q_(new), the AMCP controller 710 selects the appropriate MCS. These decisions are the final outputs of the AMCP controller 710 until a next round of calculations with updated measurements.

In another embodiment, the AMCP controller 710 minimizes the transmission power while meeting the requirement of RoT threshold and meeting the data rate requirement for the applications with constant bit rate, such as voice, by using the above two-step control procedure, with modifications in Step 1 as shown in FIG. 12, where the control algorithm only considers one MCS appropriate for the application. As illustrated in FIG. 12, if the appropriate/required MCS is determined to be possible with the maximum transmission power (block 1202), then a transmission power corresponding to the appropriate/required MCS is employed (block 1204). But if the appropriate/required MCS is determined not to be possible with the maximum transmission power (block 1202), the AMCP controller 710 will deny the transmission and will start an outage process (block 1206). In the above described methods, hysteresis can be applied to avoid frequent change of control. For example, MCS may increase only if the CQI increase has passed a certain threshold.

The above described process can also be modified for open-loop control. For example, at the initial stage of network entry, a mobile station can estimate the uplink CQI and RoT based on an observed path loss from the downlink, and choose appropriated transmission power and MCS. A certain margin can also be added to account for open-loop estimation error.

In one embodiment, the calculation of the quality requirement is done statically, where the requirement for different MCS is pre-stored in a table based on system simulation or measurement. In another embodiment, the quality requirement is dynamically adjusted, resulting in a dual loop power control scheme. The above discussed power control loop with RoT constraint becomes an inner power control loop where the quality requirement is adjusted dynamically by an outer control loop. For instance, the quality requirement in a form of SINR is determined by the outer control loop based on the frame error rate measurement. The outer loop tries to maintain link quality by setting an inner loop threshold appropriately based on its measurement.

Correctly setting the RoT threshold improves the overall network capacity and also stabilizes the network operation. A low RoT threshold puts emphasis on limiting the inter-cell interference, while a very high RoT essentially disables the RoT constraint and each cell acts independently and “selfishly”.

In one embodiment, a network-wide coordination among the AMCP controllers 710 and the global optimization of the RoT threshold are used to achieve the best overall performance. In this embodiment, a central processor, based on the information from the base stations, determines the value of the RoT threshold with which the network capacity on a particular subchannel is optimized.

In another embodiment, a distributed method is used to provide a solution to the above problem, where a RoT threshold calculator 1310 is devised at the base station to determine, for each data link, the RoT threshold value based on input factors such as cell configuration, frequency reuse factor, geometry/path loss information, transmission priority, subchannel configuration, and feedback from other cells or other users, as shown in FIG. 13. Some of the factors are exact numerical values (e.g. frequency reuse factor of “1”), some are statistical quantities (e.g., path loss), and others are qualitative measures (e.g., cell configuration and subchannel configuration). The threshold value is input to the AMCP controller 710, along with other information elements. The calculation may be updated from time to time, to reflect the change of the communication environment and context.

The cell configuration is referred to as a radius and distribution of neighboring cells. For large cells or isolated cells, where the main limit to the overall capacity is the transmission power, RoT threshold setting can be higher. On the other hand, for congested small cells, where the situation becomes mainly interference limited, the RoT threshold setting can be lower.

The frequency reuse factor refers to how much spectrum is used by different cells. A frequency reuse factor of “1” means that the same frequency is used in each cell. A frequency reuse factor of “3” means three different frequency sets are used for three adjacent cells. For a large frequency reuse factor, the RoT threshold can be set higher, while for a small frequency reuse factor, the RoT threshold can be set lower. (Note: a small frequency reuse factor really means high frequency reuse and a large frequency reuse factor really means low frequency reuse.)

The geometry information refers to a relative position of base stations and mobile stations, for example, distances from a mobile station to different base stations. The geometry information in combination with information on propagation environment can be used to derive path losses from a mobile to its serving and adjacent base stations or vice versa. Path losses from a base station to mobile stations in its own cell and other cells may also be derived and used. Path losses affect an amount of interference imposed on other cells due to power emission of a current cell. A relatively higher RoT threshold can be set for a communication link if the path losses to other cells are large, in which case even a relatively large power emission in the current cell may generate little interference to other cells.

If the path loss to the serving base station is close to the path loss to one or more of other base stations, as shown in Table 1 below, the mobile station may be at the boundary or overlapping area of adjacent cells. In this case, a lower RoT threshold is desirable. On the other hand, if the path loss to the serving base station is significantly less than those to the other base stations, as shown in Table 2, the mobile station may be at the center of the serving cell and little interference to other cells may be generated by its power emission. In this case, a higher RoT threshold can be used.

TABLE 1 Path Loss Serving Base Station 100 dB Adjacent Base Station 1 110 dB Adjacent Base Station 2 105 dB

TABLE 2 Path Loss Serving Base Station  90 dB Adjacent Base Station 1 130 dB Adjacent Base Station 2 135 dB

In one embodiment, the path losses from a mobile station to its serving and adjacent base stations are calculated from the strength of the downlink signals from these base stations. Each base station may send a unique downlink preamble signal or a pilot pattern. The mobile station scans through these preamble signals or pilot patterns through signal correlation or other signal processing methods. The magnitude of each correlation result indicates a path loss to each base station. The path loss information can be fed back to the base station for further processing.

In another embodiment, a unique ranging signal may be sent by a mobile station to a target base station periodically or at the beginning of access. Other adjacent base stations may also detect such signal and measure the corresponding path loss. The path loss information can be fed to the serving base station for RoT threshold setting.

The transmission priority is also considered in setting the RoT threshold. The transmission priority may include factors such as QoS of the subscriber or the application, current transmission delay, or size of data buffer waiting to be transmitted over the link. The higher the priority, the larger the delay, or the larger the buffer size, indicates the higher urgency to maximize throughput of the link under consideration. Such urgency may overweight the importance of limiting the inter-cell interference, the impact of which may be uncertain during the setting of RoT threshold. In this case, a higher RoT threshold may be set. On the other hand, if the priority is low, a relative lower RoT threshold may be set.

In an embodiment, the priority information of the links in adjacent cells is made available to the serving base station. Then, the RoT threshold setting algorithm considers all the available information jointly to optimize the overall capacity.

Subchannel configuration is referred to as the composition of subcarriers in a subchannel. In one embodiment, called Configuration A, the subchannels are composed of subcarriers which are distributed in a wide frequency spectrum. In another embodiment, called Configuration B, the subchannels are composed of subcarriers more adjacent to each other. The RoT threshold settings for these different subchannel configurations can be different due to their different interference with adjacent cells.

For Configuration A, the interference to other cells is distributed more evenly over the spectrum, so the control of averaged RoT is more important than the RoT threshold of each individual subchannel. On the other hand, for Configuration B, the interference to other cells concentrates in a certain frequency subband. High interference in such subband can overwhelm the use of such subband in other cells. Therefore, the control of RoT threshold of individual subchannel becomes very important and a lower RoT threshold is more desirable.

In one embodiment, a common RoT threshold may be first set for all the active links in one direction to control the interference emission to adjacent cells. Then this common RoT threshold may be used as one constraint in the calculation of individual RoT threshold for each link.

In yet another embodiment, the information of the interference generated from mobile stations in one cell to the base stations in other cells is exchanged between the neighboring sectors/cells and the corresponding RoT threshold is determined. In a simple case of the coordinated power control, the total interference level that one base station experiences is shared among the adjacent cells, and is then used in setting the RoT thresholds.

Increasing the base station transmission power may improve the signal quality within its own cell, but at the same time it also increases the interference with adjacent cells. In one embodiment, the total transmission power of a base station is adjusted to maximize the network capacity. The power is set higher for large cells, isolated cells, or cells with large frequency reuse factors, than that for small cells, congested cells, or cells with small frequency reuse factors. The total transmission power is adjusted by either changing the power density of each subcarrier/subchannel or changing the number of utilized subcarriers/subchannels.

In one embodiment, the above considerations of RoT constraint for power control are applied to admission control of both voice call and new data connection request. If the RoT threshold from the RoT Threshold calculator 1310 is below an admission-control threshold, which implies that current transmission in the cell is highly possible to generate strong interference to users in adjacent cells, the request for new connection will be rejected until the RoT threshold moves above the admission-control threshold.

In another embodiment, the above considerations for the control of total transmission power of a base station are applied to admission control of both voice call and new data connection request. If the used base station power has already reached its maximum threshold, the request for new connection will be rejected until the total transmission power moves below its threshold.

The above detailed description of the embodiments of the invention is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above or to the particular field of usage mentioned in this disclosure. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. Also, the teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments.

All of the above patents and applications and other references, including any that may be listed in accompanying filing papers, are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts of the various references described above to provide yet further embodiments of the invention.

Changes can be made to the invention in light of the above “Detailed Description.” While the above description details certain embodiments of the invention and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Therefore, implementation details may vary considerably while still being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated.

In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims.

While certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. Accordingly, the inventors reserve the right to add additional claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the invention. 

1. A method of controlling transmission power of signal transmitters and modulation and coding of transmitted signals in a multi-cell wireless communication system for increasing service capacity of a cell and decreasing inter-cell interference with nearby cells, the method comprising: arranging a communication channel into multiple subchannels, wherein each subchannel consists of at least one subcarrier; and adaptively controlling the modulation and coding of transmitted signals and signal transmission power, wherein the adaptive control is based on rules and constraints derived from system parameters and direct or indirect performance measurements, and wherein a selected transmission power level satisfies a Rise over Thermal (RoT) threshold requirement, and wherein the adaptive control comprises: a first process wherein an achievable Channel Quality Information (Q_(new)) at the receiver is updated by: Q_(new)=Q_(current)+P_(max)−P_(current), where Q_(current) denotes a recent measured CQI (Channel Quality Information) at a receiver, P_(max) denotes a maximum transmission power available at a transmitter, and P_(current) denotes a recent transmission power at the transmitter; in a case where a primary criteria is to maximize throughput while controlling transmission power: if Q_(new) exceeds CQI requirement for a highest MCS (modulation and coding scheme) in a protocol, the highest MCS is selected and P_(new) is set as the transmission power level for that MCS with a certain margin; if Q_(new) is lower than the CQI requirement for the highest MCS, the maximum transmission power (P_(new)) is selected to derive a corresponding MCS based on the value of Q_(new); and if Q_(new) is lower than the CQI requirement for the lowest MCS in the protocol, transmission may be denied and outage process may start; in a case where the primary criteria is to minimize transmission power while meeting a data rate requirement: if Q_(new) exceeds the CQI requirement for a given MCS in the protocol, a necessary transmission power level is set for the given MCS with a certain margin; and if Q_(new) is lower than the CQI requirement for the given or lowest MCS, transmission is denied; and a second process wherein an RoT check is performed and, if needed, the power is adjusted to meet the RoT threshold, the second process comprising: R_(new)=R_(current)+P_(new)−P_(current), where R_(new) denotes a new RoT resulting from the first process computations, and R_(current) denotes an RoT measurement before application of P_(new), and wherein: if R_(new) is less than the RoT threshold, decisions made during the first process concerning the transmission power level and MCS are maintained; and if R_(new) exceeds the RoT threshold, the transmission power level is reduced to meet the RoT threshold requirement; and a new transmission power level is calculated as: P _(new) =P _(current) +R _(threshold) −R _(current), and a new achievable CQI is calculated as: Q _(new) =Q _(current) +R _(threshold) −R _(current), where R_(threshold) denotes the RoT threshold and an appropriate MCS is selected based on Q_(new).
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein service capacity is the capacity to communicate data, voice, video, or any combination thereof.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at an initial stage of network entry, a mobile station can estimate an uplink CQI and RoT based on an observed path-loss from a downlink message and choose an appropriate transmission power and MCS, and a certain margin to account for the estimation error.
 4. In a multi-carrier, multi-cell wireless communication system, a process of controlling transmission power of signal transmitters and modulation and coding of transmitted signals, the process comprising: configuring a communication channel into multiple subchannels, wherein each subchannel consists of at least one subcarrier; and adaptively controlling modulation and coding of the transmitted signals and signal transmission power to substantially achieve a balance between maximizing a capacity of a serving cell and minimizing interference with other cells due to power emission from the serving cell, wherein the adaptive control is based on rules and constraints derived from system parameters and performance measurements.
 5. The process of claim 4, wherein: the process is applicable to downlink, uplink, or both; the multi-carrier system comprises OFDM, or Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA); and a Time Division Duplexing (TDD) or a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) technique is employed.
 6. The process of claim 4, wherein a total transmission power of a base station is controlled and a maximum allowable level is set relatively high for large cells, isolated cells, or cells with large frequency reuse factors, and wherein the total transmission power of the base station is set relatively low for small cells, congested cells, or cells with small frequency reuse factors, and wherein the total transmission power is adjusted either by changing a power density of each subcarrier/subchannel or changing a number of utilized subcarriers/subchannels.
 7. The process of claim 4, wherein a performance measurement is SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio), BER (bit error rate), PER (packet error rate), or any combination thereof, and wherein the performance measurement is a single number or a statistical indicator.
 8. The process of claim 4, wherein modulation and coding requirements are pre-stored in a table based on system simulation or measurement, or the quality requirements are dynamically adjusted.
 9. The process of claim 4, wherein a selected transmission power level requires to satisfy a Rise over Thermal (RoT) threshold, and wherein: a central control method is adapted and: a network-wide coordination among adaptive controllers globally optimizes the RoT threshold to achieve high overall performance; and a central processor, based on information from base stations, determines the RoT threshold with which the network capacity on a particular subchannel is optimized; or a distributed method is adapted and: the RoT threshold is computed for each data link; and an RoT threshold Calculator resides within or outside of a controller, wherein inputs to the Calculator include one or more of the following factors: cell configuration, frequency reuse factor, geometry/path loss information, transmission priority, subchannel configuration, and feedback from other cells or other users and an output of the Calculator is the RoT threshold value.
 10. In a multi-carrier, multi-cell communication system wherein a communication channel is configured into multiple subchannels and each subchannel includes multiple subcarriers, an apparatus for controlling transmission power and modulation and coding of transmitted signals, the apparatus comprising: at least one controller configured to process input information and generate output signals for controlling transmission power, modulation and coding, or both, wherein the controller uses a part or all of the inputs to generate the output signals, and wherein the output signals are sent to and employed by the transmitter in a next transmission; and wherein the input information to the controller comprises: direct or indirect performance measurements, wherein the performance measurements are frequently varying and repeatedly updated; and system parameters and requirements, wherein the system parameters are stable and infrequently updated.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the AMCP controller (a) selects a transmission power level that satisfies the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) or Rise over Thermal (RoT) threshold requirement and that achieves the highest modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for applications with adaptive MCS schemes, and (b) selects the corresponding MCS.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the SNR or RoT threshold is calculated using the cell configuration, frequency reuse factor, geometry and path-loss information, transmission priority, subchannel configuration, feedback from other cells, or any combination thereof; and wherein: the SNR or RoT threshold is set relatively low if the cell size is relatively small; the configuration is relatively congested; the frequency reuse factor is small; the path-loss delta is relatively small; or the transmission priority is low; and the SNR or RoT threshold is set relatively high if the cell size is relatively large; the configuration is relatively isolated; the frequency reuse factor is large; the path-loss delta is relatively large; or the transmission priority is high.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein a common SNR or RoT threshold is first set for all active links in one direction to control the interference with close-by cells, and wherein the common SNR or RoT threshold is used as a constraint in the calculation of individual SNR or RoT thresholds for each link.
 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein information pertaining to interference occurrences within a network is used by the base station to compute the SNR or RoT threshold.
 15. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the path-loss for a mobile station to its serving and/or adjacent base stations is determined from strength of downlink or uplink signals from and to the base station, wherein: each base station sends a unique downlink preamble signal or a pilot pattern and the mobile station scans through these preamble signals or pilot patterns using correlation or other signal processing methods, and wherein a result of a correlation indicates the path-loss to each base station, and wherein the path-loss information is fed back by the mobile station to its serving base station; or the mobile station sends a unique ranging signal to a target base station and from the strength of such uplink signals the base station, and other close-by base stations that also detect such uplink signal, measure the corresponding path-loss.
 16. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the inputs and outputs of the controller correspond to an individual subchannel in case each subchannel uses a modulation and coding and a power control different from those of other subchannels or correspond to a set of subchannels in case the set of subchannels use the same modulation and coding and power control to reduce the control overhead.
 17. An apparatus for controlling transmission power of signal transmitters and modulation and coding of transmitted signals in a multi-cell wireless communication system for increasing service capacity of a cell and decreasing intercell interference with nearby cells, the apparatus comprising: a means for arranging a communication channel into multiple subchannels, wherein each subchannel consists of at least one subcarrier; a means for adaptively controlling the modulation and coding of the transmitted signals and the signal transmission power, wherein the adaptive control operation is based on rules and constraints derived from system parameters and direct or indirect performance measurements, and wherein the selected transmission power level satisfies a Rise over Thermal (RoT) threshold requirement; and a means for calculating the RoT threshold, wherein the means for calculating calculates the RoT threshold by applying at least one of the following factors: cell configuration, frequency reuse factor, geometry/path loss information, transmission priority, subchannel configuration, and feedback from other cells or other mobile users.
 18. A base station in a multi-cell wireless communication network capable of controlling transmission power and modulation and coding of transmitted signals, the base station comprising: a transceiver; a facility, coupled to the transceiver, for adaptively controlling the modulation and coding of transmitted signals and signal transmission power, wherein the adaptive control is based on boundaries derived from system specifics and direct or indirect performance indicators, and wherein the selected transmission power level satisfies a Rise over Thermal (RoT) or a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) threshold requirement; a facility for calculating the RoT threshold based on cell configuration, frequency reuse factor, geometry/path loss information, transmission priority, subchannel configuration, feedback from other cells or other remote units, or any combination thereof; a configuration where information pertaining to interference occurrences within the network is used by the base station to compute the RoT threshold; and a configuration wherein the path-loss for a mobile station to the base stations is determined from strength of downlink or uplink signals from and to the base station.
 19. The base station of claim 18, wherein the total transmission power of the base station is controlled and a maximum allowable level is set relatively high for large cells, isolated cells, or cells with large frequency reuse factors, and wherein the total transmission power of the base station is set relatively low for small cells, congested cells, or cells with small frequency reuse factors, and wherein the total transmission power is adjusted either by changing a power density of each subcarrier/subchannel or changing a number of utilized subcarriers/subchannels.
 20. The base station of claim 18, wherein the path-loss for a mobile station to the base stations is determined in the following manner: each base station sends a unique downlink preamble signal or a pilot pattern and the mobile station scans through these preamble signals or pilot patterns using correlation or other signal processing methods, and wherein a result of a correlation indicates the path-loss to each base station, and wherein the path-loss information is fed back by the mobile station to its serving base station; or the mobile station sends a unique ranging signal to the base station and from the strength of such uplink signals the base station, and other close-by base stations that also detect such uplink signal, measure the corresponding path-loss. 